写在前面 #

上一个章节中kubernetes系列教程(十九)使用metric-server让HPA弹性伸缩愉快运行介绍了在kubernetes中的监控架构，通过安装和使用metric-server提供kubernetes中的核心监控指标：提供node节点和pod容器CPU和内存的监控能力，核心监控指标提供的监控维度和指标相对有限，需要更好的扩展监控能力，需要使用自定义监控来实现，本文介绍prometheus提供更更加丰富的自定义监控能力。

1. 初识prometheus #

1.1 prometheus简介 #

Prometheus is an open-source systems monitoring and alerting toolkit originally built at SoundCloud. It is now a standalone open source project and maintained independently of any company. To emphasize this, and to clarify the project's governance structure, Prometheus joined theCloud Native Computing Foundationin 2016 as the second hosted project, afterKubernetes.

Prometheus是一个开源的监控系统+告警系统工具集，最早由SoudCloud开发，目前已被很多公司广泛使用，于2016年加入CNCF组织，成为继kubernetes之后第二个管理的项目。得益于kubernetes的火热，prometheus被越来越多的企业应用，已成为新一代的监控系统，成为CNCF第二个毕业的项目。

prometheus特点：

一个指标和键值对标识的时间序列化多维度数据模型
PromQL提供一个便捷查询语言实现多维度数据查询
不依赖于分布式存储，单个节点能提供自治功能
通过HTTP协议拉取时间系列数据模型
支持通过gateway主动推送时间序列
支持服务发现或者静态配置发现节点
内置有多维度数据画图和集成grafana数据展示

1.2 prometheus架构 #

prometheus架构

prometheus架构：

prometheus-server，prometheus主服务端，从exporters端采集和存储数据，并提供PromQL数据查询语言
- Retrieval 采集模块，从exporters和pushgateway中采集数据，采集数据经过一定规则处理
- TSDB 数据存储，TSDB是时序化数据库，将Retrieval采集数据存储，默认存储在本地
- http server 提供http接口查询和数据展板，默认端口是9090，可以登陆查询监控指标和绘图
- PromQL 提供边界的PromQL语言，用于数据统计，数据输出和数据展示接口集成
数据采集，数据采集模块，包含两种数据采集方式：拉去pull和推送push
- Jobs exporters 采集宿主机和container的性能指标，通过http方式拉取，支持多种不同数据类型采集
- Short-lived jobs 瞬时在线任务，适用于实时监控指标，server端拉去时可能消失了，采用主动上报机制
- Pushgateway 推动网关，Short-lived jobs将数据主动push到过gateway，server再从gateway拉取
数据展示，借助于PromQL语言实现实现数据的展示，包含还有prometheus UI，Gafana和API clients
- Prometheus Web UI，prometheus默认提一个数据查询和画图展示的UI，通过http 9090端口
- Grafana，一个开源非常优秀绚烂的数据展示框架，从Prometheus中获取数据，采用模版绘图
- API Clients，支持多种不同的客户端SDK语言，包括Go，python，Java等，便于编写开发监控系统
告警系统，从server接受告警，推送给AlertManager告警系统，告警系统接受告警信息去重，分组。通知包含
- pageduty
- Email，邮件告警，结合smtp
- 其他，如webhook等
服务发现，借助于第三方接口实现服务机制，如DNS，Consul，Kubernetes等，如和kubernetes apiserver结合，获取目标target的是列表，并定期轮训获取到监控数据。

2. prometheus和kubernetes结合 #

2.1 prometheus安装简介 #

prometheus安装涉及较多的组件，因此给安装带来较大的困难，kube-prometheus是coreos公司提供在kubernets中自动安装prometheus的组件，为集成kuberntes提供的安装，包含如下组件：

The Prometheus Operator prometheus核心组件
Highly available Prometheus 提供高可用能力
Highly available Alertmanager 告警管理器
Prometheus node-exporter 数据采集组件
Prometheus Adapter for Kubernetes Metrics APIs 和kubernetes集成的适配器
kube-state-metrics 指标监控转换，使之适配kubernetes风格的接口
Grafana 数据展示

安装环境：

1、kubernetes版本,1.15.3

1[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl version
2Client Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"15", GitVersion:"v1.15.3", GitCommit:"2d3c76f9091b6bec110a5e63777c332469e0cba2", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2019-08-19T11:13:54Z", GoVersion:"go1.12.9", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}
3Server Version: version.Info{Major:"1", Minor:"15", GitVersion:"v1.15.3", GitCommit:"2d3c76f9091b6bec110a5e63777c332469e0cba2", GitTreeState:"clean", BuildDate:"2019-08-19T11:05:50Z", GoVersion:"go1.12.9", Compiler:"gc", Platform:"linux/amd64"}

2、prometheus版本

1prometheus  v2.12.0
2prometheus-operator v0.34.0
3node-exporter v0.18.1
4alertmanager  v0.20.0
5grafana  6.4.3

2.2 prometheus安装 #

1、获取kube-prometheus安装源

1[root@node-1 ~]# git clone https://github.com/coreos/kube-prometheus.git

2、快速安装prometheus组件，相关的setup包的yaml文件在setup目录下,包含有很多自定义的CRD资源

 1[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl apply -f kube-prometheus/manifests/setup/
 2namespace/monitoring created
 3customresourcedefinition.apiextensions.k8s.io/alertmanagers.monitoring.coreos.com unchanged
 4customresourcedefinition.apiextensions.k8s.io/podmonitors.monitoring.coreos.com unchanged
 5customresourcedefinition.apiextensions.k8s.io/prometheuses.monitoring.coreos.com unchanged
 6customresourcedefinition.apiextensions.k8s.io/prometheusrules.monitoring.coreos.com created
 7customresourcedefinition.apiextensions.k8s.io/servicemonitors.monitoring.coreos.com created
 8clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-operator created
 9clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-operator created
10deployment.apps/prometheus-operator created
11service/prometheus-operator created
12serviceaccount/prometheus-operator created
13
14校验CRD资源安装情况,prometheus,alertmanagers,rules,servicemonitor均以CRM资源的方式部署
15[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get customresourcedefinitions.apiextensions.k8s.io |grep monitoring
16alertmanagers.monitoring.coreos.com       2020-01-30T05:36:58Z
17podmonitors.monitoring.coreos.com         2020-01-30T05:37:06Z
18prometheuses.monitoring.coreos.com        2020-01-30T05:37:18Z
19prometheusrules.monitoring.coreos.com     2020-01-30T05:44:05Z
20servicemonitors.monitoring.coreos.com     2020-01-30T05:44:06Z
21
22部署了一个prometheus-operator的deployments和services
23[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get deployments -n monitoring 
24NAME                  READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
25prometheus-operator   1/1     1            1           3m5s
26[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get services -n monitoring 
27NAME                  TYPE        CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)    AGE
28prometheus-operator   ClusterIP   None         <none>        8080/TCP   3m13s

3、部署prometheus其他组件，包含kube-state-metric，grafana，node-exporter，alertmanager，prometheus-adapter，prometheus，组件包含在manifest所在目录，安装组件的角色如下：

prometheus prometheus核心组件
prometheus-adapter prometheus适配器，做数据转换
kube-state-metrics kubernetes指标转换器，转换为apiserver能识别的指标
alertmanager 告警管理器，用于指标阀值告警实现
node-exporter exporters，客户端监控上报agent，用于实现数据上报
grafana 数据显示展板
configmaps grafana数据展板配置模版，封装在configmap中
clusterrole，clusterrolebinding prometheus访问kubernetes的RBAC授权

 1[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl apply -f kube-prometheus/manifests/
 2alertmanager.monitoring.coreos.com/main created
 3secret/alertmanager-main created
 4service/alertmanager-main created
 5serviceaccount/alertmanager-main created
 6servicemonitor.monitoring.coreos.com/alertmanager created
 7secret/grafana-datasources created
 8configmap/grafana-dashboard-apiserver created
 9configmap/grafana-dashboard-cluster-total created
10configmap/grafana-dashboard-controller-manager created
11configmap/grafana-dashboard-k8s-resources-cluster created
12configmap/grafana-dashboard-k8s-resources-namespace created
13configmap/grafana-dashboard-k8s-resources-node created
14configmap/grafana-dashboard-k8s-resources-pod created
15configmap/grafana-dashboard-k8s-resources-workload created
16configmap/grafana-dashboard-k8s-resources-workloads-namespace created
17configmap/grafana-dashboard-kubelet created
18configmap/grafana-dashboard-namespace-by-pod created
19configmap/grafana-dashboard-namespace-by-workload created
20configmap/grafana-dashboard-node-cluster-rsrc-use created
21configmap/grafana-dashboard-node-rsrc-use created
22configmap/grafana-dashboard-nodes created
23configmap/grafana-dashboard-persistentvolumesusage created
24configmap/grafana-dashboard-pod-total created
25configmap/grafana-dashboard-pods created
26configmap/grafana-dashboard-prometheus-remote-write created
27configmap/grafana-dashboard-prometheus created
28configmap/grafana-dashboard-proxy created
29configmap/grafana-dashboard-scheduler created
30configmap/grafana-dashboard-statefulset created
31configmap/grafana-dashboard-workload-total created
32configmap/grafana-dashboards created
33deployment.apps/grafana created
34service/grafana created
35serviceaccount/grafana created
36servicemonitor.monitoring.coreos.com/grafana created
37clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kube-state-metrics created
38clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kube-state-metrics created
39deployment.apps/kube-state-metrics created
40role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kube-state-metrics created
41rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/kube-state-metrics created
42service/kube-state-metrics created
43serviceaccount/kube-state-metrics created
44servicemonitor.monitoring.coreos.com/kube-state-metrics created
45clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/node-exporter created
46clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/node-exporter created
47daemonset.apps/node-exporter created
48service/node-exporter created
49serviceaccount/node-exporter created
50servicemonitor.monitoring.coreos.com/node-exporter created
51apiservice.apiregistration.k8s.io/v1beta1.metrics.k8s.io created
52clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-adapter created
53clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/system:aggregated-metrics-reader created
54clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-adapter created
55clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/resource-metrics:system:auth-delegator created
56clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/resource-metrics-server-resources created
57configmap/adapter-config created
58deployment.apps/prometheus-adapter created
59rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/resource-metrics-auth-reader created
60service/prometheus-adapter created
61serviceaccount/prometheus-adapter created
62clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-k8s created
63clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-k8s created
64servicemonitor.monitoring.coreos.com/prometheus-operator created
65prometheus.monitoring.coreos.com/k8s created
66rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-k8s-config created
67rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-k8s created
68rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-k8s created
69rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-k8s created
70role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-k8s-config created
71role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-k8s created
72role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-k8s created
73role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/prometheus-k8s created
74prometheusrule.monitoring.coreos.com/prometheus-k8s-rules created
75service/prometheus-k8s created
76serviceaccount/prometheus-k8s created
77servicemonitor.monitoring.coreos.com/prometheus created
78servicemonitor.monitoring.coreos.com/kube-apiserver created
79servicemonitor.monitoring.coreos.com/coredns created
80servicemonitor.monitoring.coreos.com/kube-controller-manager created
81servicemonitor.monitoring.coreos.com/kube-scheduler created
82servicemonitor.monitoring.coreos.com/kubelet created

4、校验prometheus安装情况，包括node-exporter、kube-state-metrics、prometheus-adapter、alertmanager

、grafana等

 1#node-exporter agent上报端,通过DaemonSets部署
 2[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get daemonsets -n monitoring 
 3NAME            DESIRED   CURRENT   READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   NODE SELECTOR            AGE
 4node-exporter   3         3         3       3            3           kubernetes.io/os=linux   12m
 5[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get pods -n monitoring  |grep node-exporter
 6node-exporter-gq26x                   2/2     Running   0          12m
 7node-exporter-nvfh4                   2/2     Running   0          12m
 8node-exporter-zg95v                   2/2     Running   0          12m
 9
10
11#prometheus-adapter，grafana，kube-state-metrics以deployments的形式部署
12[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get deployments -n monitoring 
13NAME                  READY   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
14grafana               1/1     1            1           13m
15kube-state-metrics    1/1     1            1           13m
16prometheus-adapter    1/1     1            1           13m
17prometheus-operator   1/1     1            1           3h33m
18
19#prometheus核心组件和告警组件，以statefulsets的形式部署
20[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get statefulsets.apps -n monitoring 
21NAME                READY   AGE
22alertmanager-main   3/3     15m
23prometheus-k8s      2/2     15m
24
25#服务暴露，包括grafana，prometheus等
26[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get services -n monitoring 
27NAME                    TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)                      AGE
28alertmanager-main       ClusterIP   10.106.114.121   <none>        9093/TCP                     13m
29alertmanager-operated   ClusterIP   None             <none>        9093/TCP,9094/TCP,9094/UDP   13m
30grafana                 ClusterIP   10.105.229.156   <none>        3000/TCP                     13m
31kube-state-metrics      ClusterIP   None             <none>        8443/TCP,9443/TCP            13m
32node-exporter           ClusterIP   None             <none>        9100/TCP                     13m
33prometheus-adapter      ClusterIP   10.106.46.187    <none>        443/TCP                      13m
34prometheus-k8s          ClusterIP   10.108.126.97    <none>        9090/TCP                     13m
35prometheus-operated     ClusterIP   None             <none>        9090/TCP                     13m
36prometheus-operator     ClusterIP   None             <none>        8080/TCP

3. prometheus使用 #

3.1 prometheus原生指标 #

prometheus-k8s默认提供ClusterIP开放9090端口用于集群内部，修改为NodePort供集群外部访问，如下修改将prometheus-k8s的类型修改为NodePort类型

 1[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl patch -p '{"spec":{"type": "NodePort"}}' services -n monitoring prometheus-k8s
 2service/prometheus-k8s patched
 3
 4[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get services -n monitoring prometheus-k8s -o yaml
 5apiVersion: v1
 6kind: Service
 7metadata:
 8  annotations:
 9    kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: |
10      {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Service","metadata":{"annotations":{},"labels":{"prometheus":"k8s"},"name":"prometheus-k8s","namespace":"monitoring"},"spec":{"ports":[{"name":"web","port":9090,"targetPort":"web"}],"selector":{"app":"prometheus","prometheus":"k8s"},"sessionAffinity":"ClientIP"}}
11  creationTimestamp: "2020-01-30T09:04:03Z"
12  labels:
13    prometheus: k8s
14  name: prometheus-k8s
15  namespace: monitoring
16  resourceVersion: "18773330"
17  selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/monitoring/services/prometheus-k8s
18  uid: 272e8f9a-d412-4f42-9553-da5f7e71cf2f
19spec:
20  clusterIP: 10.108.126.97
21  externalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
22  ports:
23  - name: web
24    nodePort: 31924    #NodePort端口
25    port: 9090
26    protocol: TCP
27    targetPort: web
28  selector:
29    app: prometheus
30    prometheus: k8s
31  sessionAffinity: ClientIP
32  sessionAffinityConfig:
33    clientIP:
34      timeoutSeconds: 10800
35  type: NodePort
36status:
37  loadBalancer: {}

1、查询prometheus监控指标，prometheus包含有丰富的指标，可以选择不同的监控指标

prometheus监控指标

选择container_cpu_usage_seconds_total查询容器的cpu使用率为例，执行Excute执行查询，可以获取到所有容器的cpu使用数据，切换至Graph可以绘制简单的图像，图像显示相对简单，指标通过grafana显示会更绚烂，一般较少使用prometheus的绘图功能

2、服务发现，用于动态发现prometheus服务相关的组件，并定期向服务组件拉取数据

3、内置告警规则，默认内置定义有alert告警规则，用户实现监控告警切换到alerts为告警的内容，可以看到告警的指标。

prometheus告警规则

prometheus提供了丰富的监控指标metric，并通过9090的http端口提供了外部访问监控指标和简单绘图的功能，相比grafana而言，图形界面的功能相对简单，主要用于查询prometheus数据，借助于PromQL语言查询监控指标数据。

3.2 grafana数据展示 #

相比于prometheus web UI，grafana能够提供更丰富的数据展示功能，起借助于PromQL语言实现丰富的数据查询并通过模版展示控制台，grafana默认的3000端口并未对外部开放，为了从集群外部访问grafana，需要将grafana的servcie类型修改为NodePort,开放NodePort端口为30923

1[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl patch -p '{"spec": {"type": "NodePort"}}' services grafana -n monitoring
2service/grafana patched
3
4[root@node-1 ~]# kubectl get services grafana -n monitoring 
5NAME      TYPE       CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)          AGE
6grafana   NodePort   10.105.229.156   <none>        3000:30923/TCP   114m

外部通过30923端口访问grafana，初始默认登陆的用户名和密码均为admin，首次登陆grafana会提示修改用户密码，密码符合复杂性要求，如下为登陆后的grafana的展板显示

grafana展板

1、kubernetes集群监控，包含有整个集群CPU资源使用+分配，内存资源使用+分配，CPU配额，网络资源等，可以全局看到集群资源的使用情况

prometheus集群监控

2、Node节点监控，可以看到kubernetes集群中特定某个节点的资源情况啊：CPU使用率，CPU负载，内存使用率，磁盘IO，磁盘空间，网络带宽，网络传输等指标

prometheus节点监控

3、Pod监控，可以查看到命名空间下pod的资源情况：容器CPU使用率，内存使用，磁盘IO，磁盘空间等

prometheus容器监控

4、kubernetes工作负载监控，可以和查看到Deployment，StatefulSets，DaemonSets

prometheus负载监控

5、网络监控，可以看到集群Cluster级别网络监控、工作负载Workload级别网络监控和Pod级别网络监控，包括网络的发送数据，接受数据，出带宽和入带宽指标。

grafana网络监控

6、grafana默认还提供了其他很多的监控指标，比如apiserver，kubelet，pv等

grafana更多监控指标

写在最后 #

本文总结了在kubernetes中使用prometheus提供完备的自定义监控系统，通过grafana展示更丰富绚烂的图标内容，相比于核心监控指标metric-server而言，prometheus能够提供更加丰富的监控指标，且这些自定义监控指标能用于HPA V2（参考官方说明）中实现更丰富的弹性扩展伸缩能力，毫无疑问，prometheus的出现让kubernetes的监控变得更简单而功能丰富。

参考文献 #

prometheus官网：https://prometheus.io

kube-prometheus安装官档：https://github.com/coreos/kube-prometheus

TKE自动弹性伸缩指标说明：https://cloud.tencent.com/document/product/457/38929

HPA使用说明：https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/run-application/horizontal-pod-autoscale/

『转载』该文章来源于网络，侵删。

#kubernetes

last updated: 2023-06-15

18 Prometheus提供完备监控系统

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